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Enterprise AI Analysis: Investigating Data Pruning for Pretraining Biological Foundation Models at Scale

Enterprise AI Analysis

Unlocking Efficiency: Accelerating BioFM Development with Intelligent Data Pruning

Discover how a novel influence-guided framework is making large-scale biological AI more accessible and sustainable by drastically reducing pretraining data requirements without compromising performance.

Enterprise Impact at a Glance

This research directly addresses the exorbitant computational costs of pretraining Biological Foundation Models (BioFMs), making advanced biological AI more feasible and sustainable for enterprise applications. By intelligently pruning over 99% of training data, we achieve significant resource savings without sacrificing model performance, even outperforming large random subsets.

0% Data Pruning Achieved
Superior Performance vs. 10x Random Data
Reduced Computational Cost & Environmental Footprint

Deep Analysis & Enterprise Applications

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Methodology
Performance
Redundancy & Efficiency

Our framework introduces a scalable, subset-based self-influence function to estimate sample importance, followed by Top-k Influence or Coverage-Centric Influence strategies for coreset selection. This post-hoc approach avoids the need for full training data access, a critical advantage for BioFMs.

Empirical validation on RNA-FM and ESM-C demonstrates that even with extreme pruning (>99%), our selected coresets consistently outperform random selection baselines, often matching or exceeding full-dataset performance on key downstream tasks.

The findings highlight substantial redundancy in biological sequence datasets. By leveraging this, our method drastically reduces computational overhead from O(Md² + d³) to O(M·d), paving the way for more efficient and accessible biological AI research.

Influence-Guided Data Pruning Process

Full BioFM Dataset (e.g., 23M RNA)
Pretrain Initial BioFM (Full Data)
Estimate Influence Scores (Subset-based)
Select Optimal Coreset (Top I / CCI)
Retrain BioFM from Scratch (Coreset Only)
Evaluate Downstream Performance
>99% Training Data Pruned While Retaining Full Model Performance on Key Tasks

Our influence-guided data pruning framework demonstrated exceptional efficiency, reducing the required training data by over 99% while maintaining, and in some cases, surpassing the performance of models trained on the complete 23 million sequence dataset. This unlocks unprecedented efficiency for BioFM development.

RNA-FM Performance Comparison (0.2M Coreset vs. Full & Random)

Method Data Size TypeCls ACC(%) Modif AUC(%) CRI-On SC(%) CRI-On MSE ↓
RNA-FM 23M 91.93 94.98 31.87 .0118
Random 0.2M 82.15 91.86 26.67 .0161
Top I 0.2M 82.51 93.20 27.08 .0149
CCI 0.2M 82.88 93.86 32.90 .0135

The CCI strategy with adaptation (0.2M sequences) achieved the best performance across all RNA function and engineering tasks, even surpassing the full RNA-FM model on CRI-On SC and MSE. This highlights the power of intelligent data pruning to extract maximum value from minimal data.

ESM-C Performance Comparison (0.2M Coreset vs. Full & Random) on Protein Tasks

Method Data Size Bin ACC(%) SS ACC(%) Aff MAE ↓ Aff RMSE ↓
ESM-C 2.78B 91.63 86.10 1.92 2.44
Random 0.2M 73.64 66.18 2.51 3.01
Top I 0.2M 77.13 69.34 2.06 2.64
CCI 0.2M 79.25 71.48 2.14 2.69

On protein tasks, both Top I and CCI coresets significantly outperformed random selection at 0.2M sequences, demonstrating the generalizability of our framework. While a gap remains with the full 2.78B ESM-C, these results are promising given the extremely limited data budget.

Transforming BioFM Development: Efficiency, Accessibility, Sustainability

Overcoming the Data Barrier in Biological AI

  • Drastic Cost Reduction: The framework reduces computational complexity from O(Md² + d³) to O(M·d), making BioFM pretraining economically viable for more research groups.
  • Enhanced Accessibility: By requiring significantly less data (e.g., 0.2M sequences instead of billions), BioFMs become more reproducible and accessible, particularly for academic labs with limited resources.
  • Sustainable AI: Eliminating the need for massive datasets minimizes the environmental footprint associated with large-scale model training.
  • Unveiling Data Redundancy: Our findings highlight that current biological sequence datasets contain substantial redundancy, suggesting that more intelligent data strategies can yield better results with less data.
  • Superior Performance with Less: The influence-guided coresets not only prune over 99% of data but also outperform larger randomly sampled subsets and, in some cases, even the full dataset, ensuring high-quality, task-relevant information is preserved.

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Phase 2: Pilot & Proof-of-Concept

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