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Enterprise AI Analysis: Counting Clues: A Lightweight Probabilistic Baseline Can Match an LLM

Enterprise AI Analysis

Counting Clues: A Lightweight Probabilistic Baseline Can Match an LLM

This paper introduces the Frequency-Based Probabilistic Ranker (FBPR), a lightweight method for medical diagnosis that uses smoothed Naive Bayes over concept-diagnosis co-occurrence statistics from large corpora. It shows that FBPR achieves performance comparable to large language models (LLMs) like OLMo Instruct 7B and LLaMA 65B when both are trained on the same corpus (Dolma/RedPajama). The methods often get different questions correct, suggesting complementary strengths. This highlights the value of explicit probabilistic baselines as a reference point and a signal for potential hybridization.

Key Performance Insights for Enterprise

Understanding the real-world accuracy of different AI approaches in critical domains like medical diagnosis reveals opportunities for robust, hybrid AI systems.

0 FBPR Accuracy (Dolma)
0 LLM Accuracy (OLMo)
0 FBPR Accuracy (RedPajama)
0 LLM Accuracy (LLaMA)

Deep Analysis & Enterprise Applications

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Probabilistic Reasoning
LLM Performance & Baselines

Probabilistic Reasoning in AI

The research explores how much of LLMs' medical QA performance reflects corpus-level co-occurrence statistics versus structured probabilistic reasoning. It introduces FBPR as a baseline to address this.

Key Concepts: Frequency-Based Probabilistic Ranker (FBPR), Naive Bayes, Co-occurrence Statistics, Probabilistic Reasoning

LLM Performance Benchmarking

The study evaluates FBPR against LLMs (OLMo, LLaMA) on MedQA diagnosis tasks. FBPR achieves comparable accuracy, indicating that simpler, frequency-based methods can account for a significant portion of benchmark performance.

Key Concepts: MedQA Benchmark, OLMo Instruct 7B, LLaMA 65B, Benchmark Performance

46.7% FBPR (Dolma) Accuracy on MedQA Diagnosis Subset

Frequency-Based Probabilistic Ranker (FBPR) Pipeline

Extract Clinical Concepts
Retrieve Counts from Corpora
Calculate Naive-Bayes Score
Select Most Likely Diagnosis

FBPR vs LLM Performance Summary

Feature FBPR LLMs
Methodology
  • Smoothed Naive Bayes
  • Co-occurrence frequency
  • Neural Networks
  • Pretrained on massive text
Performance (MedQA)
  • Comparable to LLMs
  • 44.5% - 46.7% accuracy
  • Comparable to FBPR
  • 44.1% - 47.0% accuracy
Reasoning Type
  • Explicit frequency aggregation
  • Implicit linguistic cues
  • Pattern recognition
Complementarity
  • Gets different questions correct than LLMs
  • Potential for hybridization
  • Gets different questions correct than FBPR
  • Potential for hybridization

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