Enterprise AI Analysis

Cerebrovascular Disease: Stroke is less common in women overall, but severity is greater. Pregnant women face a threefold increased risk. Sex-specific risk factors include hormonal influences and increased sensitivity to common risk factors like hypertension. Women present more non-focal symptoms, leading to delayed diagnosis and worse outcomes. Acute phase treatments show similar efficacy, but long-term outcomes are worse for women.

Parkinson's Disease: PD is more prevalent in men, especially in older age. Men are more exposed to environmental risks, while protective effects of urate, caffeine, and physical activity are stronger in men. Women often have tremor-dominant PD, later onset, slower progression, and higher frequency of non-motor fluctuations. Women show higher levodopa bioavailability and are more prone to dyskinesias and motor complications, and are less likely to undergo advanced therapies.

Epilepsy: Slightly more frequent in men due to higher exposure to risk factors, while Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsies (IGE) are more common in women (F:M ratio ~1.5). Hormonal fluctuations influence seizure susceptibility. Women with IGE show delayed response to ASMs, higher relapse rates, and poorer seizure control. Pediatric and adult women experience more adverse effects from ASMs. Pregnancy management is complex due to ASM pharmacokinetics and teratogenic risks.

Headache Disorders: Migraine and tension-type headache are more prevalent in young women. Sex hormones, especially estrogens, increase susceptibility to migraine. Migraine phenotype in women includes more associated symptoms and higher burden. Women may respond better to triptans and gepants due to sex-specific expression of molecules. Pregnancy often improves migraine, but careful management is needed for those who don't.

Multiple Sclerosis: Incidence shifted from 1:1 to 3:1 F:M ratio, driven by increased incidence in women. X-linked genetic factors and lifestyle changes (e.g., UV exposure, vitamin D, gut microbiome) implicated. Hormonal changes (menarche, pregnancy, menopause) significantly influence risk and disease progression. Women have higher relapse rates, but men show more aggressive progression and greater brain volume loss. Women face longer delays to DMT initiation and higher discontinuation rates due to family planning.