Deep Learning Optimization

TIP: Token Importance in On-Policy Distillation

On-policy knowledge distillation (OPD) trains a student on its own rollouts under token-level supervision from a teacher. Not all token positions matter equally, but existing views of token importance are incomplete. We ask a direct question: which tokens carry the most useful learning signal in OPD? Our answer is that informative tokens come from two regions: positions with high student entropy, and positions with low student entropy plus high teacher-student divergence, where the student is overconfident and wrong. Empirically, student entropy is a strong first-order proxy: retaining 50% of tokens with entropy-based sampling matches or exceeds all-token training while reducing peak memory by up to 47%; under more aggressive retention, memory savings reach up to 58%. But entropy alone misses a second important region. When we isolate low-entropy, high-divergence tokens, training on fewer than 10% of all tokens nearly matches full-token base-lines, showing that overconfident tokens carry dense corrective signal despite being nearly invisible to entropy-only rules. We organize these findings with TIP (Token Importance in on-Policy distillation), a two-axis taxonomy over student entropy and teacher-student divergence, and give a theoretical explanation for why entropy is useful yet structurally incomplete. This view motivates type-aware token selection rules that combine uncertainty and disagreement. We validate this picture across three teacher-student pairs spanning Qwen3, Llama, and Qwen2.5 on MATH-500 and AIME 2024/2025, and on the DeepPlanning benchmark for long-horizon agentic planning, where Q3-only training with 20% of tokens surpasses full-token OPD. Our experiments are implemented by extending the open-source OPD repository https://github.com/HJSang/OPSD_OnPolicyDistillation, which provides the practical training base for reproducing this work and supports memory-efficient distillation of larger models under limited GPU budgets.